So what can or should we do? Finally, there is a non-trivial amount of infrastructure needed for all of this Databases and certificate authorities and all of the rest And what is the effect on BGP convergence properties? And who pays? CAPEX/OPEX is the frontier for the carriers these days And what about "free market" issues? What stops users from moving to lower-cost ISPs who do not implement this? New kind of "No-SLA" service?